Graph-Enhanced Knowledge Tracing for Explainable Learner Modeling: A Systematic Literature Review

Nurfaizah; R Rizal Isnanto; Imam Tahyudin

doi:10.63158/journalisi.v8i5.1844

Authors

Nurfaizah Diponegoro University
R Rizal Isnanto Diponegoro University
Imam Tahyudin Universitas Amikom Purwokerto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63158/journalisi.v8i5.1844

Keywords:

Knowledge Tracing, Knowledge Graph, Graph Neural Networks, Q-matrix, Learning Analytics, Explainable AI in Education

Abstract

Knowledge Tracing (KT) has become a central approach for modeling students' evolving knowledge states, but conventional sequence-based KT models offer limited representation of relationships among skills, concepts, and assessment indicators, reducing their interpretability for monitoring mastery and learning progression. This study systematically reviews how graph-based and knowledge graph-enhanced KT models have been developed, integrated, and evaluated to support skill mastery, learning outcome monitoring, and assessment-related interpretation. A PRISMA-based Systematic Literature Review was conducted using Scopus and IEEE Xplore, covering publications indexed from 2015 to 2025. From 116 initial records, 20 studies satisfied the eligibility criteria for active graph-enhanced KT and were included in the synthesis corpus, comprising 8 core (40.0%) and 12 supporting (60.0%) studies. Six major integration families were identified, including GCN/GNN-based, Knowledge Graph/ontology-enhanced, heterogeneous or multiplex graph, attention-over-graph, Q-matrix/concept map-based KT, and graph-supported recommendation. Graph-enhanced KT can enrich learner-state representation, support skill and mastery interpretation, and strengthen explainable learner modeling, particularly among core studies. However, active graph-KT integration remains limited, and issues of construct validity, cross-domain generalization, fairness, and deployment-oriented evaluation remain underexplored.

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